Benefits

This is the Finance Act 2017 version of this article. It is relevant for candidates sitting the Taxation – United Kingdom (TX-UK) (F6) exam in the period 1 June 2018 to 31 March 2019. Candidates sitting TX-UK (F6) after 31 March 2019 should refer to the Finance Act 2018 version of this article (to be published on the ACCA website in 2019).

From the September 2018 session, a new naming convention is being introduced for all of the exams in the ACCA Qualification, so from that session, the name of the exam will be Taxation – United Kingdom (TX-UK). June 2018 is the first session of a new exam year for tax, when the exam name continues to be F6 Taxation (UK). Since this name change takes place during the validity of this article, TX-UK (F6) has been used throughout.

Benefits feature regularly in the TX-UK (F6) exam, although such questions are generally not answered as well as would be expected. The article is not intended to cover every aspect of benefits, but instead mainly covers those areas which are more commonly examined. Motor cars are not covered as they are dealt with in a separate article.

Living accommodation

There are four aspects to consider:

• The basic benefit is the annual value of the property. If the property is rented, then the basic benefit is the higher of the annual value and the amount of rent paid.
• There is an additional benefit if the property cost more than £75,000. This is calculated as:
  
  (Cost – £75,000) x 2.5% (the official rate of interest)
  
  Cost is the cost of the property plus any subsequent improvements. However, where the property was purchased more than six years before first being provided to the employee, then the cost figure is replaced by the market value when first provided (again plus any subsequent improvements).
  
  
• If the employer pays for the running costs relating to the property, then the amount paid will also be a taxable benefit.
• If the employer has furnished the property, then the taxable benefit for the use of the furniture is based on 20% of its cost.

EXAMPLE 1
During the tax year 2017–18, Prop plc provided three of its employees with living accommodation.

Alex has been provided with living accommodation since 1 January 2015. Prop plc had purchased the property in 2014 for £160,000, and it was valued at £185,000 on 1 January 2015. Improvements costing £13,000 were made to the property during June 2016. The annual value of the property is £9,100.

Bess was provided with living accommodation from 1 January to 5 April 2018. The property is rented by Prop plc at a cost of £2,250 per month, and it has an annual value of £10,400. On 1 January 2018, Prop plc purchased furniture for the property at a cost of £16,200. The company pays for the running costs relating to the property, and for the period 1 January to 5 April 2018 these amounted to £1,900.

Chloe was provided with living accommodation on 6 April 2017, and she lived in the property throughout the tax year 2017-18. The company had purchased the property in 2008 for £89,000, and it was valued at £145,000 on 6 April 2017. The annual value of the property is £4,600.

Alex

• The basic benefit is the annual value of £9,100.
• The living accommodation cost in excess of £75,000, so there is an additional benefit. Since the property was not purchased more than six years before first being provided to Alex, the benefit is based on the cost of the property plus subsequent improvements. The additional benefit is therefore £2,450 ((160,000 + 13,000 - 75,000) at 2.5%).

Bess

• The taxable benefit is the rent paid of £6,750 (2,250 x 3) because this is higher than the annual value of £2,600 (10,400 x 3/12).
• The taxable benefit in respect of the furniture is £810 (16,200 x 20% x 3/12).
• The running costs of £1,900 are also taxed as a benefit.

Chloe

• The basic benefit is the annual value of £4,600.
• The living accommodation cost in excess of £75,000, so there is an additional benefit. Since the property was purchased more than six years before first being provided, the benefit is based on the market value when first provided. The additional benefit is therefore £1,750 ((145,000 - 75,000) at 2.5%).

Beneficial loans

There is a taxable benefit where an employee is provided with an interest free loan or where the interest rate payable is below the official rate of interest of 2.5%. There are two alternative methods of calculating the taxable benefit:

The average method: The average is taken of the amount outstanding at the start of the tax year (or when the loan was made if later) and at the end of the tax year (or when the loan was repaid if earlier). The official rate of interest is then applied to this average.

The strict method: The official rate of interest is applied to the amount outstanding on a monthly basis.

If no repayments have been made during the tax year, then both methods will produce the same result.

The average method applies unless either the employee or HM Revenue and Customs elects for the strict method. In an exam context, both methods should be calculated even if one party opts for the strict method. However, a question might instruct you to just use the average method, since in reality HM Revenue and Customs only elect for the strict method when it will make a significant difference.

EXAMPLE 2
During the tax year 2017–18, Rest Ltd provided three of its employees with loans.

Kim was provided with an interest free loan of £24,000 on 1 June 2017, so that she could purchase a new motor car.

Ming was provided with an interest free loan of £120,000 on 1 May 2017, so that she could purchase a holiday cottage. Ming repaid £50,000 of the loan on 31 July 2017, and repaid the balance of the loan of £70,000 on 31 December 2017.

Newt was provided with a loan during 2015, so that she could purchase a yacht. The amount of loan outstanding at 6 April 2017 was £60,000. Newt repaid £5,000 of the loan on 31 August 2017 and then repaid a further £5,000 on 28 February 2018. Newt paid loan interest of £567 to Rest Ltd during the tax year 2017-18. The taxable benefit in respect of this loan is calculated using the average method.

Kim

• The taxable benefit is £500 (24,000 at 2.5% x 10/12).
• Since no repayments have been made during 2017-18, both methods will produce the same result.

Ming

• The benefit calculated using the average method is £1,583:

• The benefit calculated using the strict method is £1,479 as follows:

• Ming will therefore elect to have the taxable benefit calculated according to the strict method.

Newt

• Newt repaid £10,000 (5,000 + 5,000) of the loan during 2017–18, so the outstanding balance at 5 April 2018 is £50,000 (60,000 – 10,000).
• The taxable benefit calculated using the average method is £808:

There is no taxable benefit if an employee’s beneficial loans do not exceed £10,000 during the tax year.

Use of assets

Where an employee is provided with an asset for their personal use, then the taxable benefit is based on 20% of its cost (exactly the same as furniture provided along with living accommodation).

If the asset is subsequently sold or given to the employee, then there will be a further taxable benefit being the greater of:

• Market value at the date the employee acquires the asset.
• Cost less any amounts assessed as benefits for having the use of the asset.

EXAMPLE 3
Joe is employed by Firstly plc. On 6 April 2017, the company provided him with a home entertainment system costing £4,400 for his personal use. Firstly plc gave the home entertainment system to Joe on 31 December 2017 for free, although its market value on that date was £3,860.

• The taxable benefit for the use of the home entertainment system is £660 (4,400 x 20% x 9/12).
• The taxable benefit for the acquisition of the home entertainment system is the market value of £3,860, because this is greater than £3,740 (4,400 – 660).

Other benefits
Generally, the basis for calculating the taxable value of any other benefits is the cost to the employer.

There are various benefits which are exempt or partially exempt. Although correctly identifying the tax treatment of such a benefit may result in only a half mark or one mark, it is important that you correctly identify such benefits so that time is not wasted with unnecessary calculations.

EXAMPLE 4
Vary plc provides its employees with various benefits. The benefits were provided throughout the tax year 2017-18 unless otherwise stated.

Denzil was provided with two mobile telephones. The telephones had each cost £250 when purchased by Vary plc in January 2017. The company paid for all of Denzil’s business and private telephone calls.

Emily had her health club membership fee of £710 paid for by Vary plc.

Frederick spent five nights overseas on business for Vary plc. The company paid him a daily allowance of £10 to cover the cost of personal expenses such as telephone calls to his family.

Grace was paid £11,000 towards the cost of her removal expenses when she permanently moved to take up her new employment with Vary plc, as she did not live within a reasonable commuting distance. The £11,000 covered both her removal expenses and the legal costs of acquiring a new main residence.

Hillary’s three year old daughter was provided with a place at Vary plc’s workplace nursery. The total cost to the company of providing this nursery place was £10,800 (240 days at £45 per day).

Ian was provided with 48 weeks of childcare vouchers costing £100 per week. He used the vouchers to provide childcare for his four year old daughter at a registered nursery near to Vary plc’s offices. Ian pays income tax at the basic rate.

June had the use of Vary plc’s company gym which is only open to employees of the company. The cost to Vary plc of providing this benefit to June was £340.

Kristin was provided with free meals in Vary plc’s staff canteen. The total cost of these meals to the company was £1,460. The canteen is available to all of the company’s employees.

Larry regularly works from home two days per week, and was paid an allowance of £192 (48 weeks at £4 per week) to cover the extra light and heat costs which were incurred due to this homeworking.

Marge was given a watch valued at £750 as an award for her 20 years of employment at Vary plc.

Nile had £440 of her medical costs paid for by Vary plc. She had been away from work for two months due to an injury, and the recommended medical treatment was to assist her return to work.

Opal was given a pen valued at £45 as a 60^th birthday present.

Denzil

• The provision of one mobile telephone does not give rise to a taxable benefit.
• The taxable benefit for the use of the second telephone is £50 (250 x 20%).

Emily

• The benefit of the health club membership is the cost to Vary plc of £710.

Frederick

• Payments for private incidental expenses are exempt up to £10 per night when spent outside the UK, so the allowance does not result in a taxable benefit.
• Note that the equivalent UK allowance is only £5 per night.

Grace

• Only £8,000 of the relocation costs is exempt, and so the taxable benefit is £3,000 (11,000 – 8,000).

Hillary

• The provision of a place in a workplace nursery does not give rise to a taxable benefit.

Ian

• The exemption for childcare vouchers is £55 per week where the employee is a basic rate taxpayer.
• The taxable benefit is therefore £2,160 (45 (100 – 55) x 48).
• Note that the exemption is less for higher and additional rate taxpayers, so that all taxpayers effectively receive the same amount of tax relief.

June

• The use of a company gym does not give rise to a taxable benefit.

Kristin

• The provision of meals in a staff canteen does not give rise to a taxable benefit.

Larry

• Payments for homeworking are exempt up to £4 per week, so the allowance does not result in a taxable benefit.

Marge

• A non-cash long-service award is not a taxable benefit if it is for a period of service of at least 20 years, and the cost of the award does not exceed £50 per year of service.

Nile

• The payment of medical costs of up to £500 does not result in a taxable benefit. The exemption applies where medical treatment is provided to an employee to assist them to return to work after a period of absence due to ill-health or injury.

Opal

• Trivial benefits which do not cost more than £50 per employee are not a taxable benefit provided the benefits are not cash or a cash voucher.

Reductions and contributions

There are two further possible adjustments that could apply to most of the benefits which have been covered in this article.

Reduction: The taxable benefit is proportionately reduced if it is only available for part of the tax year.

Contribution: Any contribution made by an employee will reduce the taxable benefit. Contributions are deducted after any reduction has been applied.

Written by a member of the TX-UK (F6) examining team